This paper explores the evolution of Saudi Arabia’s role in the Arab-Israeli peace process, charting its trajectory from the aftermath of the Camp David Accords to the current era defined by potential normalization with Israel. It highlights key diplomatic developments, such as Saudi Arabia’s initial condemnation of Egypt’s unilateral peace with Israel, the proposal of the 1981 Fahd Plan, the unveiling of the Arab Peace Initiative in 2002, the signing of the Abraham Accords, and the ongoing dialogue concerning normalization. The analysis delves into how Saudi, Israeli, and other regional positions have shifted over time, focusing on Saudi Arabia’s strategic priorities, the decisive role of U.S. mediation, and the enduring significance of the Palestinian issue as a central condition for normalization. The paper also considers the reactions of Israel, the United States, and other Arab nations to successive peace proposals, addressing missed opportunities, evolving incentives, and the larger regional dynamics. Ultimately, the study assesses the current prospects for Saudi-Israeli normalization in a climate of regional uncertainty and underscores that, despite meaningful progress, the achievement of lasting peace hinges on further political changes and mutual concessions, especially regarding the Palestinian question.
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